Research co-led by academics at City University of Hong Kong (CityU) has discovered that the phenomenon of human self-organisation known as synchronisation forms spontaneously to avoid inter-person collisions when the safety distance between pedestrians seems insufficient. The findings provided insights in preventing pedestrian synchronisation-induced wobbling effect in structures, ensuring pedestrian and transportation safety.

Three CityU scholars took part in this research: Professor Richard Yuen Kwok-kit, Chief-of-Staff and Chair Professor in the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE); Dr Eric Lee Wai-ming, Associate Professor; and Dr Shi Meng, former Research Assistant, both from ACE. They collaborated with Dr Ma Yi from Sichuan University, a former PhD student under Professor Yuen. Their findings were published in the academic journal Nature Human Behaviour, titled “Spontaneous synchronization of motion in pedestrian crowds of different densities”.

Synchronisation means pedestrians in a crowd involuntarily adjust their footsteps and align their stepping phases with the person in front of them. “In engineering, crowd synchronisation is often linked with the structural stability of buildings and has been identified as a major cause of lateral vibration in some footbridges,” added Dr Ma who is both the corresponding and first author of the paper.

Understanding such collective motion behaviour of humans may help prevent the synchronisation-induced wobbling effect that can affect different kinds of building structures, for example, suspension bridges. The wobbling of the London Millennium Bridge on its opening day in 2000 is a classic example. On that day, flooded with visitors, the bridge shown unexpected swaying. It was eventually closed after just two days and remained closed for two years until modifications were done. The incident triggered lots of related research in engineering and science. 

Reveals the mechanism of crowds synchronisation

So what causes people to synchronise their footsteps? When will synchronisation most likely take place? To find out the answers, Dr Ma conducted this research with the three CityU scholars. They recruited 70 people to participate in a crowd motion experiment. The participants were asked to walk naturally in a single line within a 25m long ring-shaped corridor of a width of 0.8m. The team then tried to find out the level of crowd density most likely to induce synchronisation, the underlying formation mechanism of synchronisation, and the functional benefit of synchronisation for humans’ collective motion.

 

 

Unlike previous experiments that tracked only a single foot and the motion of the head, the team tracked the motion of the two feet and the motion of the head simultaneously. This enabled researchers to collect extensive additional research data, for example, the span of the two feet of each pedestrian and the distance between the front foot of a follower and the rear foot of a predecessor. 

 

In the experiment, each participant wore coloured markers on their head, left foot and right foot, and their motions were monitored with three camcorders filming from three different angles. The team conducted 14 experiments in seven different densities with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 participants. Data of a total of over 9,000 footsteps were collected from the participants for further analysis.

Synchronise footsteps to avoid collisions when safety distance is insufficient  

The results indicated that synchronisation rarely occurs at low crowd density because at low densities, pedestrians could move freely at their own pace, instead of following their predecessors’ stepping pace. The team discovered that synchronisation is most likely to be triggered at the density of 0.87 people/m, at which the flow rate of pedestrians reaches a maximum value. 

Also, the research revealed that the closer the pedestrians’ headway is to 1.15 metres, the smaller the safety distance would be for pedestrians, and thus the larger the potential collision risk. The follower was more likely to synchronise his/her steps with the predecessor at this level of pedestrian density. Synchronisation is most likely to be triggered in this critical density.

 

 

“Synchronisation is established as an involuntary response to an insufficient safety distance between pedestrians and a critical density, which enables pedestrians to realise efficient collective stepping motion without the occurrence of inter-person collisions,” said Dr Lee from CityU, the second author of the paper. “Synchronisation enhances coordination and cooperation among members of a crowd and is believed to increase movement efficiency,” added Dr Ma.

Dr Ma also pointed out that the density at which synchronisation occurs may vary for crowds with a different culture and demographic characteristics, and be affected by environmental factors. The density they revealed in this research may not be applicable to other places. However, he believed that this research facilitated an understanding in the formation mechanism of crowd synchronisation, which is useful for research involving the synchronisation phenomenon in many other kinds of crowds, such as animal groups, self-propelled particles and multi-agent systems.

The funding support for the study included the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

DOI number: 10.1038/s41562-020-00997-3